尼加拉瓜湖附近圣胡安河流域 原生缸造景 22年61名

Volume of aquarium: 300 liters
水族箱容积：300 升

Dimensions of aquarium: 120x50x50
水族箱尺寸：120x50x50

List of fishes: Archocentrus multispinosa, Amatitlania Siquia, Poecillia sphenops/velifera
鱼类名录：Archocentrus multispinosa、Amatitlania Siquia、Poecillia sphenops/velifera

List of plants: Vallisneria gigantea, Bacopa coroliana, Ceratophillium, Lobelia cardinalis
植物列表：Vallisneria gigantea、Bacopa coroliana、Ceratophillium、Lobelia cardinalis

Description of Decorations and Substrate: Fine sand ,driftwoods and river rocks
装饰与底砂描述：细沙、沉木和河石

Description of Equipment: Filter Oase biomaster 600
设备描述：Oase biomaster 600 过滤器
Light GNC Silvermoon  GNC Silvermoon 灯具

Water Parameters: Ph 7.5  水质参数：pH 7.5
Kh 10
Temp. 24°C  温度 24°C

Additional Info: Water change once a week 20%
附加信息：每周换水一次，换水量 20%

Description of the Area Surrounding the Biotope: Lake in Nicaragua; Its surface area is 8,029 km2, its length is 164 km, its width is 72 km, its deepest point is 70 meters, its height from sea level is 32 km. The region between Central America and the USA and Peru is the largest freshwater lake. The lake, separated from the Pacific Ocean by the Rivas Cascade, empties its excess water into the Tipatapa River with a small foot on its northwest end. The San Juan River that flows from the South to the Caribbean Sea forms the eastern part of the Nicaragua-Costa Rica border. Hundreds of islands, which are sprinkled with sunlight and create an interesting landscape, make the lake attractive for tourism. Ometepe, which has two volcanoes on it, is the largest of the islands. In addition to a variety of freshwater fish, Shark lives in sharks, tarpon (a large hunting fish that lives in the Gulf of Mexico). The great lakes of Nicaragua–Lago de Managua (Lago Xolotlan) and Lago de Nicaragua (Lago Cocibolca)–dominate the Rio San Juan drainage region. These lakes cover almost 10 percent of the surface area of Nicaragua. Other important lakes in this drainage region include Laguna de Apoyeque, Laguna de Apoyo, Laguna de Asososca, Laguna de Jiloa, and Laguna de Masaya.
生物群落周边区域描述：尼加拉瓜湖；其表面积为 8,029 平方公里，长 164 公里，宽 72 公里，最深处达 70 米，海拔高度为 32 米。该湖位于中美洲与美国及秘鲁之间，是最大的淡水湖。湖泊西端通过里瓦斯地峡与太平洋相隔，并在其西北角经由蒂帕塔帕河排出多余水量。从南向北流入加勒比海的圣胡安河构成了尼加拉瓜与哥斯达黎加边界的东部。湖中散布着数百座阳光照耀下的岛屿，形成了独特的景观，使该湖成为旅游胜地。其中最大的岛屿是奥梅特佩岛，岛上拥有两座火山。除了多种淡水鱼类外，湖中还生活着鲨鱼以及大海鲢（一种栖息于墨西哥湾的大型掠食性鱼类）。尼加拉瓜的两大湖泊——马那瓜湖（索洛特兰湖）和尼加拉瓜湖（科西博尔卡湖）——主导着圣胡安河流域。这些湖泊占据了尼加拉瓜国土面积的近百分之十。 该流域区域的其他重要湖泊包括阿波耶克湖、阿波约湖、阿索索斯卡湖、希洛亚湖，以及马萨亚湖。

Description of the Underwater Landscape of the Biotope: The lakes shore on Nicaragua’s Pacific coast ( in left corner is like the edge of the lake ) The bottom has whitish sand and some gravel ,along the edge rocks.Driftwood is found in this habitat.There are some swamp plants like Echinodoros spp, which grows out of the water and can be found along the lake or river bank,also Mayaca fluviatilis and some floating plants ( e.g. najas guadalupensis,Pistia stratiodes ,Salvinia auriculata)submerse only Vallisneria americana.
生物群落水下景观描述：位于尼加拉瓜太平洋沿岸的湖泊（左角所示为湖岸边缘）。湖底为白色沙质并夹杂少量砾石，沿岸分布有岩石。该生境中可见沉木。存在一些沼泽植物，如刺果芋属（Echinodorus spp.），它们挺水生长，常见于湖岸或河岸；此外还有河生假叶草（Mayaca fluviatilis）及部分浮水植物（例如瓜达卢普黑藻 Najas guadalupensis、大薸 Pistia stratiotes、耳状槐叶萍 Salvinia auriculata）；完全沉水的植物仅有美洲苦草（Vallisneria americana）。

Description of the Habitat Parameters: Measurements taken at different points of Lake Nicaragua have shown that the water temperature has changed between 24-30 ° C and pH 7-9. The pH is quite high especially due to high photosynthesis on the surface and close to the beach. As thedepths and inclusions progress, it goes down to level 7.5. Hardness is moderate. An aquarium at around pH 7.5 and at 27 ° C will be established.
栖息地参数描述：在尼加拉瓜湖不同点位测得的数据显示，水温介于 24–30°C 之间，pH 值为 7–9。由于水面及近岸区域光合作用强烈，pH 值普遍偏高；随着水深增加及受其他因素影响，pH 值可降至约 7.5。水体硬度中等。水族箱环境建议设定为 pH 7.5 左右、温度 27°C。

List of Fishes and Invertebrates Occurring in the Nature Biotope: Lake Nicaragua does not just host Cichlids. At the same time is a living paradise. Many species from the poecilia family, the sword tail which is very common in our country and the most famous member of the moli, are the most common live births on Lake Nicaragua. Gambia, which has been invaded by local ecosystems of many countries including Turkey, also lives in large groups on shallow shores of this lake. Freshwater crayfish from ghost shrimp and cambarellus family are the most typical invertebrates of this lake. Rhamdia catfish and crocodile fish are the predominant hunters of the lake. The cichlids found in the aquarium hobis are rainbow, zebra, midas, macav, dovii, jaguar, black belt. Amphilophus is the only endemic living amphilophus labiatus (red devil), although it hosts a vast cichlid community such as amatitlania, archocentrus, cryptoheros, excichlasoma, parachromis, vieja and paratheraps families. Hypsophrys nicaraguensis, Archocentrus multispinosa, Gambusia affinis, Amatitlania nigrofasciata, Achirus mazatlanus, Acromycter atlanticus, Gonostomus monticola, Alfaro cultratus, Alfaro huberi, Amatitlania nigrofasciata, Amatitlania septemfasciata, Amatitlania siquia, Amphilophus amarillo, Amphilophus astorquii, Amphilophus chancho, Amphilophus citrinellus, Amphilophus flaveolus, Amphilophus globosus, Amphilophus labiatus, Amphilophus sagittae, Amphilophus supercilius, Amphilophus tolteca, Amphilophus viridis, Amphilophus xiloaensis, Amphilophus zaliosus, Anableps dowei, Anchoa curta, Anchoa parva, Anguilla rostrata, Archocentrus centrarchus, Ariopsis assimilis,Ariopsis seemanni, Astyanax aeneus, Astyanax cocibolca, Astyanax nasutus, Astyanax nicaraguensis, Atherinella argentea, Atherinella hubbsi, Atherinella jiloaensis, Atherinella sardina, Atractosteus tropicus, Awaous banana, Belonesox belizanus, Brachyrhaphis holdridgei, Bramocharax bransfordii, Brycon costaricensis, Brycon guatemalensis, Carcharhinus leucas, Carlana eigenmanni, Cathorops fuerthii, Cathorops steindachneri, Centropomus ensiferus, Centropomus nigrescens, Centropomus parallelus, Centropomus pectinatus, Citharichthys gilberti, Cribroheros alfari, Cribroheros longimanus, Cribroheros rostratus, Cryptoheros spilurus, Ctenogobius claytonii, Cynodonichthys isthmensis, Cyprinus carpio, Dormitator latifrons, Dorosoma chavesi, Eleotris picta, Eleotris pisonis, Erotelis smaragdus, Eucinostomus argenteus, Eucinostomus currani, Eucinostomus gracilis, Eugerres plumieri, Gambusia nicaraguensis, Gerres cinereus, Gobioides peruanus, Gobiomorus dormitor, Gobiomorus maculatus, Hemieleotris latifasciata, Herotilapia multispinosa, Hypsophrys nematopus, Hypsophrys nicaraguensis, Joturus pichardi, Kuhlia mugil, Lile stolifera, Mayaheros urophthalmus, Microphis lineatus, Mugil cephalus, Mugil curema, Oligoplites palometa, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Oreochromis aureus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis niloticus, Oxyzygonectes dovii, Parachromis dovii, Parachromis friedrichsthalii, Parachromis loisellei, Parachromis managuensis, Phallichthys amates, Phallichthys tico, Poecilia mexicana, Pomadasys bayanus, Pomadasys crocro, Priapichthys panamensis, Pseudophallus mindii, Pseudophallus starksii, Rhamdia guatemalensis, Rhamdia laticauda, Rhamdia nicaraguensis, Rhamdia quelen, Roeboides bouchellei, Sicydium salvini, Strongylura exilis, Strongylura marina, Synbranchus marmoratus, Tomocichla tuba, Vieja maculicauda, Xenophallus umbratilis, p. sphenosp
自然生境中的鱼类与无脊椎动物名录：尼加拉瓜湖不仅栖息着慈鲷，更是一座生机勃勃的天堂。花鳉科的许多物种——包括在我国极为常见的剑尾鱼以及摩利鱼中最著名的成员——是尼加拉瓜湖中最普遍的胎生鱼类。食蚊鱼已入侵包括土耳其在内的多国本地生态系统，同样在该湖浅水区成群生活。来自幽灵虾科和坎巴雷拉虾科的淡水螯虾是该湖最具代表性的无脊椎动物。髯鲇属鲶鱼和鳄雀鳝是湖中主要的掠食者。水族爱好者饲养的慈鲷包括彩虹慈鲷、斑马慈鲷、米达斯慈鲷、马卡瓦慈鲷、多氏慈鲷、美洲虎慈鲷和黑带慈鲷。尽管该湖拥有庞大的慈鲷群落，涵盖 Amatitlania、Archocentrus、Cryptoheros、Exichlasoma、Parachromis、Vieja 和 Paratheraps 等属，但双冠丽鱼（Amphilophus labiatus，即红魔鬼）却是唯一原产于此地的 Amphilophus 属物种。 尼加拉瓜慈鲷、多棘南丽鱼、食蚊鱼、九间波罗、马萨特兰舌鳎、大西洋康吉鳗、山栖巨口鱼、刀尾花鳉、胡氏花鳉、九间波罗、七带南丽鱼、西 quia 南丽鱼、黄口副丽鱼、阿氏副丽鱼、野猪副丽鱼、柠檬色副丽鱼、淡黄副丽鱼、圆头副丽鱼、厚唇副丽鱼、箭形副丽鱼、眉纹副丽鱼、托尔特克副丽鱼、绿副丽鱼、希洛亚副丽鱼、扎利奥斯副丽鱼、道氏四眼鱼、短鳀、小鳀、美洲鳗、中棘南丽鱼、拟海鲶、塞曼海鲶、铜色魮脂鲤、科西博尔卡魮脂鲤、尖吻魮脂鲤、尼加拉瓜魮脂鲤、银汉拟银汉鱼、哈氏拟银汉鱼、希洛亚拟银汉鱼、沙丁拟银汉鱼、热带雀鳝、香蕉虾虎鱼、伯利兹颌针鱼、霍氏短胎鳉、布兰斯福德氏布拉莫脂鲤、哥斯达黎加 Brycon、危地马拉 Brycon、公牛鲨、艾氏卡氏鱼、富氏拟海鲶、施氏拟海鲶、剑鳍锯盖鱼、黑锯盖鱼、平行锯盖鱼、栉鳞锯盖鱼， 吉氏锯鳞鱼、阿尔法里筛丽鱼、长手筛丽鱼、喙筛丽鱼、斑点隐丽鱼、克莱顿栉虾虎鱼、地峡犬齿鳉、鲤鱼、宽额塘鳢、查韦斯西鲱、花绘电鳗、皮氏电鳗、翠绿 Erotelis、银 Eugerres、卡兰尤金鲈、纤细尤金鲈、普氏尤金鲈、尼加拉瓜食蚊鱼、灰 Gerres、秘鲁拟虾虎鱼、休眠虾虎鱼、斑纹虾虎鱼、宽带半电鳗、多刺赫罗丽鱼、线尾高体丽鱼、尼加拉瓜高体丽鱼、皮查尔迪约图鲁鱼、库利亚鲻鱼、斯托利菲拉小鲱、眼点玛雅丽鱼、线形微吻鱼、鲻鱼、库雷马鲻鱼、帕洛梅塔寡脂鲤、帝王鲑、奥利亚罗非鱼、莫桑比克罗非鱼、尼罗罗非鱼、多氏氧合鳉、多氏副丽鱼、弗里德里希斯塔副丽鱼、洛伊塞勒副丽鱼、马纳瓜副丽鱼、阿马特阳具鱼、蒂科阳具鱼、墨西哥花鳉、巴亚诺石首鱼、克罗克罗石首鱼、巴拿马 Priapichthys、明迪假球鱼、斯塔克斯假球鱼、危地马拉油鲶、宽尾油鲶、尼加拉瓜油鲶、克伦油鲶、布谢尔罗氏鱼， 萨尔文氏枝牙虾虎、细针鱼、海针鱼、大理石合鳃鱼、管口丽鱼、斑尾慈鲷、暗色异唇鱼，p.镰形种

List of Plants Found in the Nature Biotope: Echinodorosus sp (grandiflorus), Mayaca fluviatilis Pistia stratiodes, Salvinia auricalata, Najas guadalupensis, Vallisneria americana, lemna minör.ceratophillium bacopa caroliana lobelia ludwigia palustris
自然生境中发现的植物列表：大叶皇冠草（Echinodorus grandiflorus）、水马齿、大薸、耳状槐叶萍、瓜达卢佩茨藻、美国苦草、小浮萍、金鱼藻、卡罗来纳假马齿苋、半边莲、路德维希草、沼生 Ludwigia

Threats to the Ecology of the Biotope: Despite the enormous ecosystem in and around the lake, despite being an important potential source for potable water and despite its large attraction for ecological and sustainable tourism Lake Nicaragua does face problems of contamination that could become much worse in the middle-long term (and some in the short term as well) if necessary steps to prevent so are not taken. Even though this situation has been publicly acknowledged by institutions, organizations, experts, and citizens there is not yet a national plan that addresses conservation of this beautiful lake. The main problem and source of contamination for Lake Nicaragua are related to the discharge of wastewater that comes from the urban zones at the shores of thelake. In spite of the clear contamination that results from this practice, large cities as Granada, Rivas and Juigalpa and many small towns still lead their sewage fromresidential areas but even from industrial zones to the lake (either directly or through a river that terminates in the lake). Consequently, coastal areas close to these urban centers have to deal with the waste that is not biodegradable which surfaces in front of the settlements. The second largest problem comes from the agricultural industry in the coastal areas. The fertile soil next to the lake provides a great site for cattle farming and plantations. In the departments of Chontales, Boaco and Rivas there are many places where people farm without protecting the lake whatsoever, leading to contamination with enormous quantities of fertilizers ending up in the water. Another even more important impact is caused by the nearby agricultural haciendas that contaminate the rivers flowing into the lake by the unprotected usage of chemicals at their plantations. This problem is mostly visible at the southern side of the lake on Nicaraguan territory but also on Costa Rican soil (as these rivers also terminate in Lake Nicaragua). At this moment the UNESCO has already received a petition from the Nicaraguan government to declare Lake Nicaragua World Heritage. The authorities and thehundreds of communities set around the lake have expressed their enthusiasm and hopefully the UNESCO will grant the request. But in order to protect the lake thenational and local government, as well as every Nicaraguan citizen and foreigner that wants to enjoy this lake, should become involved and act in order to preserve this natural treasure!
该生物栖息地生态面临的威胁：尽管尼加拉瓜湖及其周边拥有庞大的生态系统，尽管它是重要的潜在饮用水源，尽管它对生态和可持续旅游具有巨大吸引力，但尼加拉瓜湖仍面临污染问题。若不采取必要预防措施，这些问题在中长期可能急剧恶化（部分甚至在短期内就会显现）。尽管这一状况已得到机构、组织、专家及公众的公开承认，但目前尚未出台针对保护这片美丽湖泊的国家计划。尼加拉瓜湖的主要污染问题及污染源与来自湖岸城市区域的废水排放有关。尽管这种做法导致了明显的污染，格拉纳达、里瓦斯和胡伊加尔帕等大城市以及众多小镇仍将住宅区乃至工业区的污水排入湖中（或直接排放，或通过汇入湖泊的河流间接排放）。 因此，靠近这些城市中心的沿海地区不得不面对那些无法生物降解、并漂浮在居民区前方的废弃物。第二大问题来自沿海地区的农业产业。湖泊旁肥沃的土壤为畜牧业和种植园提供了绝佳场所。在琼塔莱斯省、博阿科省和里瓦斯省，有许多地方的人们在进行农耕时完全未对湖泊采取任何保护措施，导致大量化肥流入水体造成污染。另一个更为严重的影响则源于附近的农业庄园，它们在种植园中不加防护地使用化学品，从而污染了注入湖泊的河流。这一问题在尼加拉瓜境内的湖泊南岸尤为明显，同时也波及哥斯达黎加境内（因为这些河流最终也汇入尼加拉瓜湖）。目前，联合国教科文组织已收到尼加拉瓜政府提交的申请，请求将尼加拉瓜湖列为世界遗产。当局以及环湖分布的数百个社区均对此表示热忱支持，希望联合国教科文组织能够批准此项申请。 然而，为了保护湖泊，国家和地方政府以及每一位希望欣赏这片湖泊的尼加拉瓜公民和外国人都应积极参与并采取行动，以守护这一自然瑰宝！