委内瑞拉莫里查尔拉戈河原生缸造景19年60名

Volume: 84 L  容积：84 升
Dimensions: 53×40×40 cm  尺寸：53×40×40 厘米
List of fishes: Paracheirodon Simulans, Mikrogeophagus Ramirezi.
鱼类名录：霓虹拟脂鲤（Paracheirodon Simulans）、荷兰凤凰（Mikrogeophagus Ramirezi）。
List of plants: Cabomba aquatica, Ceratophyllum Demersum, Myriophyllum Aquaticum, Echinodorus sp., Pistia Stratiotes, Lemna Minor.
植物列表：水蕴草（Cabomba aquatica）、金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum Demersum）、狐尾藻（Myriophyllum Aquaticum）、皇冠草属（Echinodorus sp.）、大薸（Pistia Stratiotes）、浮萍（Lemna Minor）。

Description of decorations: In this aquarium, wood, leaves and plants suitable for the region were used. The bottom contains sediment and filamentous algae, as you will see in the source video. In the same way dirty on the branches. This aquarium mimics the coastal area of ​​the river.
装饰描述：本水族箱使用了适合该地区的沉木、落叶和水生植物。底部铺有沉积物并生长着丝状藻类，正如源视频所示；树枝上也同样附着污垢。此水族箱模拟了河流的沿岸区域。
Description of equipment: The aquarium is equipped with Dophin A3000 350 lt/h. The aquarium lighting is, 16 watt power led system.
设备描述：水族箱配备多芬（Dophin）A3000 水泵，流量为 350 升/小时。照明系统为 16 瓦功率的 LED 灯。

Water parameters: Water temperature is 25 °C, pH is 6,4.
水质参数：水温 25 °C，pH 值 6.4。
Additional info: 20% water change per week.
附加信息：每周换水 20%。

INFORMATION ABOUT BIOTOPE
关于生物群落的信息

Description of the area surrounding the biotope: The Morichal Largo River is located in Llanos, north of Venezuela. It takes its name from a woman. In the vicinity are various Morichal Palms and deciduous trees.
生物群落周边环境描述：莫里查尔拉戈河位于委内瑞拉北部的亚诺斯平原，其名称源自一位女性。周边分布着多种莫里查尔棕榈和落叶乔木。

Orinoco River, Spanish Río Orinoco, major river of South America that flows in a giant arc for some 1,700 miles (2,740 km) from its source in the Guiana Highlands to its mouth on the Atlantic Ocean. Throughout most of its course it flows through Venezuela, except for a section that forms part of the frontier between Venezuela and Colombia. The Orinoco and its tributaries constitute the northernmost of South America’s four major river systems. Bordered by the Andes Mountains to the west and the north, the Guiana Highlands to the east, and the Amazon watershed to the south, the river basin covers an area of about 366,000 square miles (948,000 square km) It encompasses approximately four-fifths of Venezuela and one-fourth of Colombia. For most of its length, the Orinoco flows through impenetrable rain forest or through the vast grassland (savanna) region of the Llanos (“Plains”), which occupies three-fifths of the Orinoco basin north of the Guaviare River and west of the lower Orinoco River and the Guiana Highlands. Since the 1930s this region has been developing into one of the most industrialized areas of South America. Below the town of Esmeralda, some of the waters of the Orinoco flow south into the Casiquiare River (Brazo Casiquiare; sometimes called the Casiquiare Channel). This channel, a feature peculiar to the Orinoco River system, is a natural passage that flows generally south until it combines with the Guainía River to form the Negro River, thus linking the Orinoco and Amazon river systems. The Llanos encompasses nearly all of the western lower Orinoco basin, occupying some 220,000 square miles; most of the land is less than 1,000 feet above sea level. The High Plains (Llanos Altos) are most conspicuous near the Andes, where they form extensive platforms between rivers and are some 100 to 200 feet above the valley floors. Away from the mountains they are increasingly fragmented, as in the dissected tableland of the central and eastern Llanos (the Sabana de Mesas) and the hill country (serranía) south of the Meta River in Colombia. The Low Plains (Llanos Bajos) are defined by two rivers, the Apure in the north and the Meta in the south. The lowest portion of the Llanos is an area that lies to the west of the lower Orinoco valley; this area is converted annually into an inland lake by flooding. The climate of the Orinoco basin is tropical, with the seasons marked by differences in rainfall rather than in temperature. The year is divided into two seasons—rainy and dry (locally known as winter and summer)—the former extending from April to October or November and the latter most marked from November through March or April. The wet and dry seasons result from the annual migration of the intertropical convergence zone, a low-pressure trough between the hemispheric easterlies, or trade winds; the passage of the zone northward from its summertime position south of the Equator brings the rainy winter period. In contrast to precipitation, temperature differences in the basin are slight throughout the year; and no month averages more than 69 °F (21 °C) or less than 64 °F (18 °C). Whatever the average temperature, there is little difference from month to month. The only marked variation is from day to night, being greater than that from month to month. On the Llanos, daily maximum temperatures rise above 95 °F (35 °C) in the dry period; the dry winds and nocturnal cooling bring relief with normal minimum temperatures between 65 and 75 °F (18 and 24 °C). More than 1,000 species of birds frequent the Orinoco region; among the more spectacular are the scarlet ibis, the bellbird, the umbrella bird, and numerous parrots. The great variety of fish include the carnivorous piranha, the electric eel, and the laulao, a catfish that often attains a weight of more than 200 pounds. The Orinoco crocodile is one of the longest of its kind in the world, reaching a length of more than 20 feet. Among other inhabitants of the rivers are caimans (an alligator-like reptile) and snakes, including the boa constrictor. The arrau, or side-necked turtle, the shell of which grows to a length of about 30 inches, nests on the sandy islands of the river. Insects include butterflies, beetles, ants, and mound-building termites.
奥里诺科河（西班牙语：Río Orinoco）是南美洲的主要河流，发源于圭亚那高地，呈巨大弧形奔流约 1,700 英里（2,740 公里），最终注入大西洋。其大部分河段流经委内瑞拉，仅有一段构成委内瑞拉与哥伦比亚的边界。奥里诺科河及其支流构成了南美洲四大水系中最北端的一个。该河流域西面和北面以安第斯山脉为界，东面为圭亚那高地，南面则与亚马逊流域相邻，总面积约为 366,000 平方英里（948,000 平方公里），涵盖委内瑞拉国土的大约五分之四以及哥伦比亚的四分之一。奥里诺科河在大部分流程中穿越难以通行的热带雨林，或流经广阔的草原（稀树草原）地区——即利亚诺斯（意为“平原”）。这片区域占据了瓜维亚雷河以北、下奥里诺科河以西以及圭亚那高地西侧的奥里诺科盆地五分之三的面积。自 20 世纪 30 年代以来，该地区已逐步发展成为南美洲工业化程度最高的区域之一。 在埃斯梅拉达镇以南，奥里诺科河的部分水流向南汇入卡西基亚雷河（Brazo Casiquiare；有时称为卡西基亚雷水道）。这条水道是奥里诺科河水系独有的特征，是一条自然通道，大致向南流动，直至与瓜伊尼亚河汇合形成内格罗河，从而连接了奥里诺科河与亚马逊河两大水系。利亚诺斯平原涵盖了几乎整个奥里诺科河下游西部流域，面积约 22 万平方英里；大部分地区海拔低于 1000 英尺。高平原（Llanos Altos）在安第斯山脉附近最为显著，在那里它们形成了河流之间的广阔台地，高出谷底约 100 至 200 英尺。远离山脉后，这些高地逐渐变得支离破碎，例如中部和东部利亚诺斯被切割的桌状高地（萨瓦纳·德·梅萨斯，Sabana de Mesas），以及哥伦比亚梅塔河以南的丘陵地带（serranía）。低平原（Llanos Bajos）由两条河流界定：北部的阿普雷河和南部的梅塔河。 利亚诺斯低地的最南端位于奥里诺科河下游河谷以西，该地区每年因洪水泛滥而变成内陆湖泊。奥里诺科河流域属热带气候，季节变化主要体现在降雨量的差异而非温度上。一年分为两个季节——雨季和旱季（当地称为冬季和夏季），前者从四月持续至十月或十一月，后者则主要集中在十一月至次年三月或四月。干湿两季的形成源于热带辐合带的年度迁移；该辐合带是半球信风之间的低压槽，其从赤道以南的夏季位置向北移动时，便带来了多雨的“冬季”。与降水相比，流域内全年气温差异甚微；没有任何月份的平均气温高于 69 °F（21 °C）或低于 64 °F（18 °C）。无论平均气温如何，各月之间几乎没有差别。唯一显著的变化出现在昼夜之间，其幅度甚至大于月际变化。 在亚诺斯平原，旱季的日最高气温会升至 95 °F（35 °C）以上；干燥的风和夜间降温带来缓解，正常的最低气温介于 65 至 75 °F（18 至 24 °C）之间。奥里诺科地区栖息着超过 1,000 种鸟类；其中最为壮观的包括美洲红鹮、钟鸟、伞鸟以及众多鹦鹉。鱼类种类繁多，包括食肉的食人鱼、电鳗以及劳劳鲶（一种体重常超过 200 磅的鲶鱼）。奥里诺科鳄是世界上体型最长的鳄鱼之一，体长可超过 20 英尺。河流中的其他居民包括凯门鳄（一种类似短吻鳄的爬行动物）和蛇类，其中包括蟒蛇。阿劳龟（又称侧颈龟），其背甲长度可达约 30 英寸，会在河流的沙洲岛屿上筑巢产卵。昆虫包括蝴蝶、甲虫、蚂蚁以及筑丘白蚁。

Description of the underwater landscape of the biotope: Under the river water, there are branches and leaves. There are tree roots on the river bank. Palm leaves decompose falling into water. There is rotten leaf residue on the ground. Aquatic plants are found in most parts of the river. The river is fresh water.
生物群落水下景观描述：河水之下可见树枝与落叶，河岸分布着树根。棕榈叶落入水中后逐渐分解，地面堆积着腐烂的叶片残骸。河流大部分区域生长有水生植物，水体为淡水。

Description of the parameters of the habitat: Water temperature is 24-28 °C, pH is 5.2-6.5.
栖息地参数描述：水温 24-28 °C，pH 值 5.2-6.5。

List of fishes and invertebrates occurring in the nature biotope: Acestrorhynchus falcatus, Acestrorhynchus microlepis, Gnathocharax steindachneri, Heterocharax virgulatus, Anostomus ternetzi, Apistogramma guttata, Sternarchorhynchus mendesi, Mesonauta Insignis, Mikrogeophagus Ramirezi, Paracheirodon Simulans, Cichlasoma Bimaculatum, Crenicichla sp., Heros Severus, Hoplias Malabaricus, Nannostomus sp., Rineloricaria sp., Ancistrus sp.
自然生物群落中出现的鱼类和无脊椎动物名录：Acestrorhynchus falcatus、Acestrorhynchus microlepis、Gnathocharax steindachneri、Heterocharax virgulatus、Anostomus ternetzi、Apistogramma guttata、Sternarchorhynchus mendesi、Mesonauta Insignis、Mikrogeophagus Ramirezi、Paracheirodon Simulans、Cichlasoma Bimaculatum、Crenicichla sp.、Heros Severus、Hoplias Malabaricus、Nannostomus sp.、Rineloricaria sp.、Ancistrus sp.

List of plants found in the nature biotope: Phyllanthus Fluitans, Egeria Densa, Pistia Stratiotes, Ceratophyllum Demersum, Salvinia Auriculata, Sagittaria Subulata, Hydrocotyle Leucocephala, Myriophyllum Aquaticum, Lemna minör, Echinodorus sp., Cabomba Aquatica, Pistia Stratiotes, Mayaca Fluviatilis.
自然生物群落中发现的植物名录：Phyllanthus Fluitans、Egeria Densa、Pistia Stratiotes、Ceratophyllum Demersum、Salvinia Auriculata、Sagittaria Subulata、Hydrocotyle Leucocephala、Myriophyllum Aquaticum、Lemna minör、Echinodorus sp.、Cabomba Aquatica、Pistia Stratiotes、Mayaca Fluviatilis。

Threats to the ecology: Abundant water in the Orinoco River Basin supports the needs of people, agriculture, energy and industry (oil and gas) that are vital for Colombia’s social and economic development. But the basin faces increasing pressures from the expansion of mining (942 concessions for 2014), oil and gas (8 million ha under exploration), agro-industry (320,829 ha), and infrastructure, which if not adequately planned and implemented can disrupt the hydrology and ecosystem services of the region. Additionally, the Orinoco Basin’s seasonal rainfall patterns will potentially face further extremes and unpredictability from climate change, leading to greater droughts, flooding, and fires. Maintaining the health of the Orinoco River Basin is vital to support adequate water and services critical for people, the economy, and nature.
生态面临的威胁：奥里诺科河流域丰富的水资源支撑着人口、农业、能源及工业（石油和天然气）的需求，这些对哥伦比亚的社会经济发展至关重要。然而，该流域正面临日益加剧的压力，源自采矿扩张（2014 年授予 942 项特许权）、石油与天然气勘探（800 万公顷）、农工产业（320,829 公顷）以及基础设施建设；若规划与实施不当，这些活动可能扰乱区域的水文状况和生态系统服务。此外，受气候变化影响，奥里诺科河流域的季节性降雨模式可能面临更极端的波动和不可预测性，导致更严重的干旱、洪水和火灾。维持奥里诺科河流域的健康，对于保障人类、经济和自然所需的关键水源与服务至关重要。