俄亥俄州阿勒姆溪的河岸水潭

Volume of aquarium: 71  水族箱容积：71 升

Dimensions of aquarium: 90x30x30 cm
水族箱尺寸：90x30x30 厘米

List of fishes: Micropterus punctulatus
鱼类名录：Micropterus punctulatus

List of plants: Lonicera sp.
植物列表：忍冬属（Lonicera sp.）

Description of Decorations and Substrate: River rock, sediment, wood, plants, and leaves were collected from the region surrounding the reference biotope stream. The varying stone sizes are a mixture of sandstone and shale formations, with both small (60-120mm) and large (12-250mm) cobbles present. The streams erosion forces break down these aggregates into a silty sandy sediment creating the substrate found in this biotope aquarium. The plant Linocera sp. is employed to represent the large roots of Platanus occidentalis (American Sycamore) tree. Exposed tree roots intertwined amongst larger cobbles stabilize the stream bank and provide cover for aquatic species. The wood roots used here are living, connected to the shrub growth emergent from the aquarium. Platanus occidentalis leaves are found in varying stages of decay, further emphasizing the large trees which drop leaves directly into the stream. The background photo was taken underwater in the reference stream and enhances the depth and natural feeling of the biotope.
装饰与底质描述：河石、沉积物、沉木、植物及落叶均采集自参考生物群落溪流周边区域。不同尺寸的石材为砂岩与页岩构造的混合物，包含小型（60–120 毫米）与大型（12–250 毫米）的卵石。溪流的侵蚀作用将这些 aggregates 分解为粉砂质 sandy 沉积物，从而形成此生物群落水族箱中的底质。本水族箱中使用的忍冬属（Linocera sp.）植物用于模拟悬铃木（Platanus occidentalis，即美国梧桐）的大型根系。裸露的树根交织于较大卵石之间，起到稳固河岸的作用，并为水生生物提供庇护。此处所用的木质根系为活体，与从水族箱中萌发出的灌木生长相连。悬铃木（Platanus occidentalis）的叶片处于不同的腐烂阶段，进一步突显了那些直接将落叶投入溪流的高大树木。背景照片拍摄于参考溪流的水下，增强了该生物群落的纵深感与自然氛围。

Description of Equipment: Flow and filtration are handled by an Oase Biomaster 350 canister filter. An Eheim Skim 350 provides surface agitation and additional circulation to the aquarium. No heater is used. The aquarium is an Ultum Nature Systems 90L high clarity aquarium. Lighting is provided from a Fluval Plant 3.0 LED suspended above.
设备描述：水流和过滤由一台 Oase Biomaster 350 外置滤桶负责。一台 Eheim Skim 350 提供水面扰动并增强水族箱内的循环。未使用加热棒。水族箱为 Ultum Nature Systems 90L 高透玻璃缸。照明由悬挂于上方的 Fluval Plant 3.0 LED 灯具提供。

Water Parameters: The local municipal water supply draws water from the reference biotope. Hardness and alkalinity are within the natural variability of the biotope, with a general hardness of 5-7 and a carbonate hardness of 2-4. The pH of the aquarium is circumneutral and approximately 7.2. Nutrients are low and no supplemental nutrients are provided. Water temperature ranges from 18 – 23 degrees Celsius, depending on the season.
水质参数：当地市政供水取自该参考生物群落所在地。硬度和碱度处于该生物群落的自然波动范围内，总硬度为 5-7，碳酸盐硬度为 2-4。水族箱 pH 值呈中性偏微碱，约为 7.2。营养物质含量较低，未额外添加任何营养剂。水温随季节变化在 18–23 摄氏度之间。

Additional Info: Large water changes of 50-75% are performed weekly.
补充信息：每周进行一次 50-75% 的大换水。

Description of the Area Surrounding the Biotope: Alum creek watershed drains 315 square kilometers, channeling water from near the United States continental divide into the, Scioto River, Ohio River and Mississippi drainage basin. The watershed is dominated by agriculture and forested land, with small pockets of heavy urban development. A 14 square kilometer dam and reservoir was constructed in 1974 to prevent down stream flooding and serve as a source for municipal drinking water. The biotope envisioned here was inspired by a section of stream located within the areas of urban development. While within the confines of urban land use, the creek moderately meanders through the city. Multi-use trails and large Platanus occidentalis stretch along the riverbank. Stream margins are mixed coverage of wooded and wetland vegetation. The gravel stream bed has lightly vegetated mix margins of sand/mud/silt. Deer, raccoon, beaver, and rodents (rabbit, squirrel, chipmunk) are common, along with a multitude of birds, small turtles, snakes, and amphibians.
生物群落周边区域描述：阿勒姆溪流域排水面积达 315 平方公里，将源自美国大陆分水岭附近的水流汇入赛欧托河、俄亥俄河及密西西比河流域。该流域以农业用地和林地为主，间杂小片高度城市化的区域。1974 年修建了一座占地 14 平方公里的大坝与水库，旨在防止下游洪水泛滥，并作为市政饮用水源。此处设想的生物群落灵感来源于城市化区域内的一段溪流。尽管身处城市用地范围内，该溪流仍蜿蜒穿城而过。河岸沿线分布着多功能步道和高大的美洲悬铃木（Platanus occidentalis）。溪流边缘植被呈现林地与湿地植物混合覆盖的特征。砾石河床边缘则为轻度植被覆盖的沙/泥/淤泥混合地带。常见动物包括鹿、浣熊、海狸及啮齿类（兔、松鼠、花栗鼠），此外还有众多鸟类、小型龟类、蛇类和两栖动物。

Description of the Underwater Landscape of the Biotope: The stream bed is comprised of small and large cobbles. Most of the substrate is loosely compiled, with only a few larger cobbles or boulders being embedded in the sandy earth below. Rock color ranges from a brown-orange-tan to a blue-gray depending on the parent material (sandstone or shale). The riverbank is often covered with partially submerged plants (Justicia americana), with a silt loam soil. Exposed tree roots, fallen branches and other woody debris result in log jams and leaf packs in a few areas through the steam.
生物群落水下景观描述：河床由大小不一的鹅卵石构成。大部分底质松散堆积，仅有少数较大的鹅卵石或巨石嵌入下方的沙土中。岩石颜色因母岩（砂岩或页岩）不同而呈现从棕橙色到蓝灰色的变化。河岸常覆盖着部分沉水植物（美国爵床），土壤为粉砂壤土。裸露的树根、倒伏的树枝及其他木质碎屑在溪流局部区域形成木堆和落叶堆积。

Description of the Habitat Parameters: Water clarity varies become turbid quickly following precipitation as silt and sediment are washed into the stream. Water temperature ranges from 4 – 25 degrees Celsius with the seasonality. Total hardness and alkalinity are around 5-7 and 2-3, respectfully with an average pH of 7.7. Agricultural impacts result in elevated phosphorous and nitrate levels.
栖息地参数描述：水体透明度随降水迅速降低，因泥沙和沉积物被冲入溪流而变得浑浊。水温随季节变化在 4–25 摄氏度之间。总硬度和碱度分别约为 5–7 和 2–3，平均 pH 值为 7.7。农业活动导致磷酸盐和硝酸盐含量升高。

List of Fishes and Invertebrates Occurring in the Nature Biotope: Micropterus salmoides, Micropterus punctulatus, Lepisosteidae sp., Pomoxis sp., Lepomis sp., Semotilus atromaculatus, Luxilus chrysocephalus, Campostoma anomalum, Cyprinella spiloptera, Pimephales notatus, Rhinichthys obtusus, Notropis stramineus, Notropis buccatus, Hypentelium nigricans, Catostomus commersonii, Moxostoma erythrurum, Lepomis humilis, Lepomis megalotis, Etheostoma nigrum, Etheostoma blennioides, Etheostoma caeruleum. Unionidae and Astacoidea are present as well.
自然生境中出现的鱼类和无脊椎动物名录：大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）、斑点黑鲈（Micropterus punctulatus）、雀鳝科（Lepisosteidae sp.）、刺盖太阳鱼属（Pomoxis sp.）、太阳鱼属（Lepomis sp.）、黑鳍马口鱥（Semotilus atromaculatus）、金头闪光美鱥（Luxilus chrysocephalus）、异唇𬶋（Campostoma anomalum）、翼鳍闪光美鱥（Cyprinella spiloptera）、黑首胖头鱥（Pimephales notatus）、钝吻𬶋（Rhinichthys obtusus）、稻草色闪光美鱥（Notropis stramineus）、大嘴闪光美鱥（Notropis buccatus）、黑吸口鱼（Hypentelium nigricans）、白吸口鱼（Catostomus commersonii）、红鳍吸口鱼（Moxostoma erythrurum）、矮太阳鱼（Lepomis humilis）、长耳太阳鱼（Lepomis megalotis）、黑镖鲈（Etheostoma nigrum）、仿镖鲈（Etheostoma blennioides）、蓝镖鲈（Etheostoma caeruleum）。此外，还存在蚌科（Unionidae）和螯虾总科（Astacoidea）物种。

List of Plants Found in the Nature Biotope: Platanus occidentalis, Salix sp., Justicia americana, Lonicera maackii (invasive, but ubiquitous), Asimina triloba, Acer saccharinum
自然生境中发现的植物名录：美洲悬铃木（Platanus occidentalis）、柳属（Salix sp.）、美国水蓑衣（Justicia americana）、金银忍冬（Lonicera maackii，入侵种但分布广泛）、三叶木瓜（Asimina triloba）、银槭（Acer saccharinum）。

Threats to the Ecology of the Biotope: The greatest impact to the ecology of this biotope are urbanization and agricultural impacts. The close proximity to a heavily urbanized area results in pollution from trash and debris, excess silt and sedimentation from development, salinity increases from seasonal road salting, and reduce hydraulic retention times due to stormwater and urban runoff events. The upland agricultural areas result in increased nitrogen and phosphorus loadings into the river.
该生物群落生态面临的威胁：对该生物群落生态影响最大的是城市化和农业活动。由于紧邻高度城市化区域，导致垃圾和碎屑污染、开发造成的过量泥沙淤积、季节性道路除盐引起的盐度升高，以及暴雨和城市径流事件导致的水力停留时间缩短。上游农业区则导致河流中氮和磷负荷增加。