马来西亚柔佛州的泥炭沼泽森林原生缸造景 19年第62名

Volume: 32 L  容积：32 升
Dimensions: 32x32x32 cm  尺寸：32x32x32 厘米
List of fishes: Boraras maculatus (Dwarf Rasbora)
鱼类名录：斑点波鱼（Boraras maculatus，又称矮宝莲灯鱼）
List of plants: Microsorum pteropus
植物列表：微囊蕨（Microsorum pteropus）

Description of decorations: Substrate formed by a thin layer of sand, covered by leaves, branches, debris of trees and peat moss. Diy background composed of polyurethane and root resins and leaves. Origin root of malaysia and thailand imported by Kotobuki products for aquarium
造景描述：底床由一层薄沙构成，其上覆盖落叶、树枝、树木残骸及泥炭藓。自制背景板采用聚氨酯、树脂树根与叶片组合而成。所用树根源自马来西亚与泰国，由日本寿（Kotobuki）水族产品进口。
Description of equipment: Filter System Eheim 2211 Canister type, heater set at 24 degrees Celsius, led light 5000 kelvins and 1400 lumens
设备描述：过滤系统为伊罕（Eheim）2211 型外置滤桶；加热棒设定温度为 24 摄氏度；照明采用色温 5000 开尔文、光通量 1400 流明的 LED 灯具。

Water parameters: Temperature 24 degrees Celsius
水质参数：温度 24 摄氏度
ph 5.0
Hardness 32  硬度 32
Additional info: Weekly water changes and parameter setting, cooling system, in case of water exceeding 28 degrees celsius
附加信息：每周换水并调节水质参数；配备冷却系统，以防水温超过 28 摄氏度。

INFORMATION ABOUT BIOTOPE
关于生物群落的信息

Description of the area surrounding the biotope: Most of the lowland peatlands in Malaysia have developed along the coast, behind accreting mangrove coastlines, where sulphides in mangrove mud and water restrict bacterial activity, leading to the accumulation of organic matter as peat. Many peatlands which are now far inland developed along the former coastline such that some may be around 100 km inland such as the peat areas. The age of the oldest inland peat areas has been estimated as 4,000-5,000 years. The peatlands formed along the coast do not form an unbroken area, rather, they develop as individual units on the alluvial plains between rivers flowing to the sea. Peat domes are considered as discrete hydrological units, although they will also be influenced by the discharge and level of the rivers that surround them. Inundation by freshwater will only occur at the margins of the swamp where it borders the river or the freshwater swamp forest zone. Thus, the higher parts will only receive water in the form of rainfall. The natural vegetation of peatlands in Malaysia is generally peat swamp forest. There are a few peatland areas with a natural vegetation of sedges, grasses and shrubs, as a result of extended periods of inundation, especially where peat areas are found around water bodies. There is much variation in the species composition of peat swamp forest and this is mainly related to peat depth and hydrology affecting water table depth and nutrient content. Due to the dome-like structure of most of Malaysia’s peatlands, especially in Sarawak, several distinct peat swamp vegetation communities are found.
生物群落周边区域描述：马来西亚的大部分低地泥炭地沿海岸发育，位于不断淤积的红树林海岸线后方；红树林淤泥和水体中的硫化物抑制了细菌活动，促使有机质以泥炭形式累积。许多如今已深入内陆的泥炭地曾沿古海岸线形成，因此有些泥炭区可距海约 100 公里。最古老的内陆泥炭区年龄估计为 4,000 至 5,000 年。沿海形成的泥炭地并非连成一片，而是作为独立单元发育于入海河流之间的冲积平原上。泥炭穹丘被视为独立的水文单元，尽管它们也会受到周围河流径流量和水位的影响。淡水淹没仅发生在沼泽边缘，即与河流或淡水沼泽森林带接壤的区域。因此，较高部位的水分来源仅为降雨。马来西亚泥炭地的自然植被通常为泥炭沼泽森林。 由于长期淹水，尤其是在泥炭地环绕水体的区域，存在一些以莎草、禾草和灌木为自然植被的泥炭地。泥炭沼泽森林的物种组成差异显著，这主要与泥炭深度及水文条件有关，后者影响地下水位深度和养分含量。由于马来西亚大多数泥炭地（尤其是砂拉越地区）呈穹顶状结构，因此形成了多种截然不同的泥炭沼泽植被群落。

Description of the underwater landscape of the biotope: Peat swamp forests are one of the most unusual and harsh ecosystems in the tropical rainforest biome. These swamps derive their name from their substrate of peat consisting of plant detritus, which gradually release tannins and organic acids into poorly buffered water and contribute to its characteristically low pH. Peat swamps are generally referred as ‘black waters’, while waters originating from PSFs are highly acidic with pH values ranging from 3.6 to 5.9, tea-coloured when seen against transmitted light, and black when seen en masse via reflected light, generally, the acidity of black waters is due to the high concentrations of humic acids and other phenolic acids. The peat swamp forests of Johor, which were of staggering vastness in Peninsular Malaysia, are almost completely degraded. Peat swamp forests of considerable size in Peninsular Malaysia are now restricted to north Selangor, central Terengganu and Pahang .In Peninsular Malaysia, the fish fauna of the PSF of north Selangor is comparably well studied and recorded. The unique characteristics of black waters (dark colour, low dissolved oxygen and high acidity) led to an initial misinterpretation of habitat inhospitality and the conclusion that such habitat will sustain very poor faunal diversity. Peat swamp forests have unique water quality and as a result, fish species that can survive and breed in the black water environment are limited. Researchers have reported many species of fish in PSFs that are not found in other habitats
生物群落水下景观描述：泥炭沼泽森林是热带雨林生物群系中最独特且严酷的生态系统之一。这些沼泽因其由植物碎屑构成的泥炭基质而得名，该基质会逐渐向缓冲能力较弱的水体中释放单宁和有机酸，从而形成其典型的低 pH 值特征。泥炭沼泽通常被称为“黑水”，而源自泥炭沼泽森林（PSF）的水体酸性极强，pH 值介于 3.6 至 5.9 之间；在透射光下呈茶色，在大量聚集并经反射光观察时则呈黑色。一般而言，黑水的酸性源于高浓度的腐殖酸及其他酚酸。柔佛州的泥炭沼泽森林曾在马来半岛广袤无垠，如今却几乎完全退化。目前，马来半岛仅在北雪兰莪、登嘉楼中部及彭亨州尚存规模可观的泥炭沼泽森林。在马来半岛，北雪兰莪泥炭沼泽森林的鱼类区系已得到较为充分的研究与记录。 黑水独特的特征（颜色深暗、溶解氧低且酸度高）导致人们最初误认为此类栖息地不宜生存，并得出其动物多样性极低的结论。泥炭沼泽森林具有独特的水质，因此能够在黑水环境中生存和繁殖的鱼类种类十分有限。研究人员已在泥炭沼泽森林中发现许多其他栖息地未曾记录的鱼类物种。

Description of the parameters of the habitat: Such environments characteristically contain very soft (negligible hardness), acidic (pH as low as 4.0) water and are often dimly-lit due to the forest canopy above.
栖息地参数描述：此类环境的水质通常极软（硬度可忽略不计）、呈酸性（pH 值可低至 4.0），且由于上方森林冠层的遮蔽，光照往往较为昏暗。

List of fishes and invertebrates occurring in the nature biotope: Desmopuntius johorensis, Barbucca diabolica , Betta persephone, Betta splendens, Parosphromenus tweediei,
自然生境中出现的鱼类和无脊椎动物名录：Desmopuntius johorensis、Barbucca diabolica、Betta persephone、Betta splendens、Parosphromenus tweediei，

List of plants found in the nature biotope: Microsorum pteropus, Cryptocoryne, Ceratopteris thalictroides,
该自然生境中发现的植物名录：微囊蕨（Microsorum pteropus）、隐棒花属（Cryptocoryne）、水蕨（Ceratopteris thalictroides），

Threats to the ecology: Aquarium prepared in protest against the destruction of the areas of peat swamps in Malaysia, Johor the most affected state with deforestation and plantations is in a very difficult situation, maybe in the future there will be only memories or photos of documents.
生态面临的威胁：本水族箱的设立旨在抗议马来西亚泥炭沼泽地区的破坏，其中柔佛州受森林砍伐和种植园扩张的影响最为严重，处境极为艰难；或许未来人们只能通过记忆或文献照片来回顾这一切。