Volume: 25 L 容积：25 升
Dimensions: 41х25х25 cm 尺寸：41×25×25 厘米
List of fishes: Bombina orientalis
鱼类名录：东方铃蟾（Bombina orientalis）
List of plants: Athyrium filix-femina, Hylocomium splendens, Dicranum polysetum, Plagiomnium sp., Polytrichum sp., Ptilidium ciliare, Cladonia sp., Cladonia rangiferina
植物名录：Athyrium filix-femina、Hylocomium splendens、Dicranum polysetum、Plagiomnium sp.、Polytrichum sp.、Ptilidium ciliare、Cladonia sp.、Cladonia rangiferina
Description of decorations: Fine beige sand, granite boulders of different sizes, flat white and gray pebbles, dry branches, pine cones
装饰描述：细米色沙、不同尺寸的花岗岩巨石、扁平的白色与灰色鹅卵石、枯枝、松果
Description of equipment: LEDDY TUBE SUNNY 6W
设备描述：LEDDY TUBE SUNNY 6W
Water parameters: Temperature 24 degrees C, pH 6.5, KH 3, GH 2, NO3 30 mg/l
水质参数：温度 24°C，pH 6.5，KH 3，GH 2，NO3 30 mg/l
Additional information: This aquaterrarium was created as a part of the Amphibian exhibition project in order to familiarize visitors with Bombina orientalis, as well as with the behavior of this species. Bombina orientalis reproduces in all studies quite a long time ago and successfully. This species is very popular among amphibian lovers, because it has an attractive appearance, interesting behavior, a pleasant voice, small size (4-5 cm), which allows keeping these amphibians, and they live long: 15-20 years. In this terrarium they seem to feel good, demonstrate mating behavior, although this group is still too young to reproduce, their age is a little over a year. In the exhibition terrarium we did not use a filter and changed 50% of the water twice a week. However, in conditions of greater depth, in which they previously lived, an airlift filter was used, which is most suitable for amphibians inhabiting stagnant water bodies. It is also important that the terrarium has a lid, because it can easily be removed from an open aquarium. In the stationary terrarium, we use ultraviolet lamps and do not add vitamins and minerals to the feeding in order to maintain the health of amphibians.
附加信息：该水陆缸是作为两栖动物展览项目的一部分而创建的，旨在让参观者了解东方铃蟾及其行为习性。东方铃蟾在多项研究中早已成功繁殖。该物种深受两栖动物爱好者喜爱，因其外形迷人、行为有趣、鸣声悦耳、体型小巧（4-5 厘米），便于饲养，且寿命较长：可达 15-20 年。在此水陆缸中，它们似乎状态良好，并展现出求偶行为，尽管该群体尚显年轻，尚未达到繁殖年龄，其年龄仅略超过一年。在展览用水陆缸中，我们未使用过滤器，而是每周两次更换 50% 的水量。然而，在它们此前生活的较深水域环境中，曾使用气举式过滤器，这种过滤器最适合栖息于静水水体中的两栖动物。此外，水陆缸配备盖子也至关重要，因为它们很容易从敞开的水族箱中跳出。 在固定式饲养箱中，我们使用紫外线灯，并且不在饲料中添加维生素和矿物质，以维持两栖动物的健康。
INFORMATION ABOUT BIOTOPE
关于生物群落的信息
Description of the area surrounding the biotope: Kedrovaya Pad State Nature Reserve, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is located on the territory of the Khasansky district of the Primorsky Territory. The geographical coordinates of the reserve are 43006 / – 43010 / north latitude, 131023 / – 131035 / east longitude. The relief of the reserve is formed by two main mountain ranges: Gakkelevsky and Sukhorechensky, which are the extreme northeastern spurs of the Black Mountains (Chanbaishan), the main massifs of which are located in China and Korea. The tops of the ranges are relatively low: 600-700 m above sea level. For this part of the Far East, a monsoon climate is characteristic. Compared to the entire territory of Primorye, the reserve’s climate is somewhat milder due to its southern location and proximity to the sea. Winters are relatively mild, sunny, although in January the temperature sometimes drops to -40°C. The average January temperature is –13°C, and August –21°C. The first half of summer is cool, with frequent prolonged rains and drizzle, the second one is hot, with high tropical humidity up to 100% at temperatures up to +40°C. In August and September, dry sunny weather alternates with cruel tropical typhoons, during which the water in the river rises two to three meters. At the same time, the climate has its own climatic features, which differ even from the surrounding territories. The Kedrovaya River Valley facing the sea, bordered by high ridges, acts as a wind tunnel, drawing moist sea air into the valley. When cooling down on the forest slopes, the moisture condenses, and therefore fog often hangs over the valley even when sunny weather is around the reserve. Most of the reserve’s territory is occupied by forests: mountain black-fir-broad-leaved, cedar-broad-leaved, fir-broad-leaved, and others. The plants species diversity is great: 918 species of vascular plants, 179 of bryophytes, 273 species of freshwater algae, 250 species of lichens and 1804 species of mushrooms, some species are listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR. The reserve has many species of insects, birds, 54 species of mammals, 12 species of fish, 7 species of reptiles and 7 species of amphibians. Of the water bodies, the most famous is the mountain river Kedrovaya, into which many streams and tributaries flow. In addition, in the forest and along the roads there are many standing ponds, ditches, shaded by trees and plants growing along the banks, which Bombina orientalis prefer. Other amphibian species are also found in the same territory: Bufo gargarizans, Rana chensinensis, Hynobius keyserling. Fish in such stagnant bodies of water do not occur as a rule, but there are a lot of aquatic insects and larvae of insects living near water, many serve as food for toads.
生物群落周边区域描述：俄罗斯科学院远东分院克德罗瓦亚帕德国家自然保护区位于滨海边疆区哈桑区境内。该保护区的地理坐标为北纬 43°06′–43°10′，东经 131°23′–131°35′。保护区地貌由两条主要山脉构成：加克列夫斯基山脉和苏霍列琴斯基山脉，二者是黑山（长白山）最东北端的支脉，而黑山的主体部分位于中国和朝鲜境内。山脉顶峰海拔相对较低，约为 600–700 米。远东这一地区具有典型的季风气候。与整个滨海边疆区相比，由于地处南部且靠近海洋，该保护区的气候较为温和。冬季相对温暖、阳光充足，但一月份气温有时会降至零下 40°C。一月平均气温为零下 13°C，八月平均气温为 21°C。夏季前半段凉爽，常有持续降雨和毛毛雨；后半段则炎热，热带湿度极高，在气温高达 40°C 时，湿度可达 100%。 八月和九月，干燥晴朗的天气与猛烈的热带台风交替出现，期间河水水位可上涨两至三米。与此同时，该地区的气候具有独特的特征，甚至与周边区域也有所不同。面向海洋、两侧被高耸山脊环绕的克德罗瓦亚河谷宛如一条风道，将湿润的海洋空气引入谷中。当气流在森林覆盖的山坡上冷却时，水汽凝结，因此即便保护区周围阳光明媚，谷底仍常笼罩着雾气。保护区大部分土地为森林所覆盖，包括山地冷杉阔叶林、红松阔叶林、云杉阔叶林等类型。植物物种多样性极为丰富：维管植物 918 种、苔藓植物 179 种、淡水藻类 273 种、地衣 250 种、真菌 1804 种，其中部分物种被列入俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国红色名录。保护区内昆虫和鸟类种类繁多，另有哺乳动物 54 种、鱼类 12 种、爬行动物 7 种、两栖动物 7 种。在众多水体中，最著名的是克德罗瓦亚山河，众多溪流与支流汇入其中。 此外，森林中及道路沿线分布着许多静水池塘与沟渠，其岸边树木与植被形成的遮荫环境正是东方铃蟾（Bombina orientalis）所偏好的栖息地。同一区域内还栖息着其他两栖动物物种：中华大蟾蜍（Bufo gargarizans）、中国林蛙（Rana chensinensis）以及凯瑟林小鲵（Hynobius keyserling）。此类静水水体中通常没有鱼类，但水生昆虫种类繁多，且近水区域生活着大量昆虫幼虫，其中许多成为蟾蜍的食物来源。
Description of the underwater landscape of the biotope: The ditch is located in the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests, so on the banks and in the water you can see needles, cones, branches, fragments of bark, mosses and lichens growing along the banks.
生物群落水下景观描述：该沟渠位于针阔混交林带，因此岸边及水中可见松针、球果、枝条、树皮碎片，以及沿岸生长的苔藓和地衣。
Description of the parameters of the habitat: The water is slightly cloudy due to the yellowish-brown mountainous soils in the region, and may have different colors depending on the amount of leaf litter in the water. The temperature in the summer can reach 24 degrees C, in the winter the ditch freezes.
栖息地参数描述：由于该地区呈黄褐色的山地土壤影响，水体略显浑浊；其颜色亦会随水中落叶层的多寡而有所变化。夏季水温可达 24 摄氏度，冬季则沟渠会结冰。
List of fishes and invertebrates occurring in the nature biotope: Bombina orientalis, Bufo gargarizans, Rana chensinensis, Hynobius keyserling
自然生物群落中出现的鱼类与无脊椎动物名录：东方铃蟾（Bombina orientalis）、中华大蟾蜍（Bufo gargarizans）、中国林蛙（Rana chensinensis）、凯瑟林小鲵（Hynobius keyserling）
List of plants found in the nature biotope: Chloranhus japonicus, Poligonatum inflatum, Aralia continentalis, Betula schmidtii, Hylocomium splendens, Dicranum polysetum, Ptilidium ciliare
在自然生境中发现的植物名录：日本金粟兰（Chloranhus japonicus）、膨大玉竹（Poligonatum inflatum）、东北土当归（Aralia continentalis）、铁木（Betula schmidtii）、辉羽藓（Hylocomium splendens）、多毛曲尾藓（Dicranum polysetum）、纤毛羽苔（Ptilidium ciliare）
Threats to the ecology: the Far Eastern toad is not a protected species, but in general, the problems of protecting amphibians in Primorye are divided into three main areas: the protection of the Red Book species, the identification of anthropogenic impacts on natural populations of amphibians, the search for ways to stop the illegal harvesting and export of the Far Eastern frog to the countries of the Southeast region. It is necessary to develop methods for culture of amphibians, both in order to preserve the number of their natural populations, and to conduct orderly trade with China and Korea, which at this time is widespread on an absolutely illegal basis.
生态面临的威胁：远东蟾蜍并非受保护物种，但总体而言，滨海边疆区两栖动物的保护问题可划分为三个主要方向：保护《红皮书》收录物种、识别人类活动对两栖动物自然种群的影响、探寻遏制非法捕捞并将远东蛙出口至东南亚国家的方法。有必要开发两栖动物的人工繁育技术，既为维持其自然种群数量，也为规范目前完全基于非法状态而广泛存在的对华及对韩贸易。
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